Urban System
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: An Urban System is a human-made system placed in a specific space and time. It is composed of essential parts, which are Infrastructure, Geosphere, and Population. Population is a collective of agents who live or use the urban space and the tangible Infrastructure (hard infrastructure) through services (soft infrastructure). In turn, the Urban Space (Geosphere) is the territory, the place where the population (resident or non-resident) lives or uses the soil as well as where the infrastructure is located.
subclass of: Human-Made System

Urban System at Risk
type: Class
type: RoleMixin
type: NamedIndividual
comment: An urban system is a set of interconnected parts (population, urban space, and infrastructure). An urban system at risk has one or more parts vulnerable or exposed to certain risk drivers in certain situations. In hazardous events, urban systems at risk participate as objects: living objects, such as people, animals, and non-living objects: urban infrastructure and urban space. In the Return ontology, an urban system at risk is an urban system exposed to one or more hazardous events that lead to one or more urban risk situations. Urban systems at risk participate in both hazardous events and urban risk situations, which creates a cascading effect.
subclass of: Urban System

Hazard Magnitude
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Quality

Impact Value
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Quantity
comment: The impact value of a hazard impact is a measure of its potential consequences on people, property, operations, and the economy, expressed in a scale (e.g., high, medium, low) or numerically, and often incorporates its severity, exposure, and vulnerability to determine an overall risk. It helps prioritize risks by quantifying the potential damage and informing the allocation of resources for mitigation and prevention efforts.

Response
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Event
comment: A response to a hazardous event involves the immediate and systematic actions taken during and after the hazardous event to minimize its negative effects, save lives, ensure safety, and address basic human needs. It primarily focuses on immediate and short-term needs, employing specialized agencies and community participation to address effects on people, property, urban infrastructure, and the environment until full recovery efforts can begin.
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Transfer
  union of: Adaptation
  union of: Avoidance
  union of: Acceptance
  union of: Mitigation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: contributedToTrigger
  some values from: Urban Risk Situation

Adaptation
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Adaptation involves adjusting to the current or future effects and impacts of a hazardous event. For climate change, for example, this could mean building seawalls to protect against rising sea levels or developing drought-resistant crops. For other hazardous events: building of flood-resistant infrastructure in vulnerable areas, changing land use to avoid high-risk zones, or creating emergency shelters.
subclass of: Response

Mitigation
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Mitigation is defined as the implementation of actions or activities aimed at limiting the adverse impacts of hazardous events and urban risks that have already occurred.
subclass of: Response

Damage
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Damage is categorized as material damaged and immaterial damage. Material damage, also known as property damage, is damage to a person's assets or urban system assets, i.e. the loss of goods or things that have economic value. Material damages include losses actually suffered (emergent damages), as well as amounts that the person has failed to receive (lost profits). Immaterial damage refers to a decrease in integrity, size, efficiency, or conditions that a community deems detrimental as a result of an adverse event. Depending on the application, damage can be measured in different ways using metrics appropriate for each type of risk analysis. Non-physical damage, in particular, affects the social life of an urban system. This type of damage is understood as a measure of social disruption in terms of the deterioration of social relations and functions that a natural or human-caused event causes a community in the short to medium term (e.g., homelessness) or psychological symptoms in part of the population, such as anxiety and panic disorder, which are correlated with the possibility of the risk events occurring again.
subclass of: Hazard Impact

Loss
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Loss (resulting from being deprived of something) is a measure (quantified or not) of the damage or destruction caused by a disaster. This includes the loss of human life in hazardous events.
subclass of: Hazard Impact

Risk Driver2
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Event
comment: 1. A risk driver is an event that leads to a hazardous event. Risk drivers can be agent-made (e.g. human actions) or non-agent-made (e.g. natural phenomena). 2. [IPCC] Any natural or human-induced factor that directly or indirectly causes a change in a system (adapted from MA, 2005). 3. It encompasses both natural and human-induced factors, processes, or conditions that result in a direct or indirect alteration of a system. Available at: https://civil-protection-knowledge-network.europa.eu/eu-overview-risks

Hazard Impact
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Event
comment: A hazard impact refers to the potential negative effects that a hazardous event can cause. It is the result of a hazard interacting (exposition) with something vulnerable, like people, property, or the environment. The impact can range from minor inconveniences to major catastrophes, depending on the nature of the hazard, its magnitude, and the vulnerability of the affected urban system elements. The taxonomy of hazard impacts in Return ontology comprehends: 1. Impact on Cryosphere 2. Impact on Hydrosphere 3. Impact on Atmosphere 4. Impact on Geosphere 5. Impact on Population 6. Impact on Forest 7. Impact on Crop 8. Impact on Infrastructure
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Loss
  union of: Damage
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: historicallyDependsOn
  some values from: Hazard Impact
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: null
  some values from: Urban System at Risk
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: broughtAbout
  some values from: Urban Risk Situation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: historicallyDependsOn
  some values from: Hazardous Event

Assigner
type: Class
type: RoleMixin
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: FunctionalComplex
comment: These roles are played by agents (human, group, institutional, or AI) who assign a value or probability to hazardous events, risks, impacts, or elements of the urban system. Using their expertise, quantitative data, and tools such as risk matrices, these professionals determine the likelihood and potential impact of identified risks. This enables informed decision-making for risk mitigation and management within organizations.

Urban Risk Situation
type: Class
type: SituationType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Situation
comment: A risk situation is caused by a convergence of hazardous events and the exposure of urban systems (or parts of them) to these events, as well as the vulnerabilities of these systems. 'Threat' is also a synonym for 'negative risk'. In the Return ontology, stakeholders are only interested in negative impacts of risks. Each Urban Risk Situation is assigned a risk probability, which determines its classification. The calculus of risk is a comprehensive framework that considers the following elements: Risk_Probability = Hazard.occurrence x Hazard.magnitude x Impact.severity x Vulnerability(Urban System.Hazardous_Event) x ExposureLevel(Urban System, Hazardous_Event) x Complexity(Urban System) x RiskResponse.capacity(UrbanSystem, Hazardous_Event) x RiskResponse.capacity(UrbanSystem, Hazard_Impact)
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: broughtAbout
  some values from: Hazard Impact
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: inheresIn
  some values from: Risk
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contributedToTrigger
  some values from: Response
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: broughtAbout
  some values from: Hazardous Event

Risk
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Quality
comment: Risk is defined as the likelihood or probability of occurring a hazard or its impacts. In this sense, it is a relation between the probability of a hazard occurring and its magnitude, the severity of its potential impact, the vulnerability of the object to the hazard, the level of its exposure to the hazard and its impacts, the complexity of the object (considering its size, economic and social importance, population and infrastructure density), and its ability to respond to the hazards and their impacts.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: inheresIn
  min qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Urban Risk Situation

Hazard Likelihood
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Quality

Impact Likelihood
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Quality

Avoidance
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Response

Transfer
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Response

Acceptance
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Response

Impact on Forest
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazard Impact

Impact on Crop
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazard Impact

Impact on Population
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazard Impact

Impact on Infrastructure
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazard Impact

Impact on Geosphere
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazard Impact

Impact on Atmosphere
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazard Impact

Impact on Hydrosphere
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazard Impact

Impact on Cryosphere
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazard Impact

Impact Magnitude
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Quality
comment: In general, 'impact magnitude' refers to the size or extent of an impact, or the degree to which something is affected. It can also refer to the severity or intensity of the impact, or the number of people or things affected. In specific contexts, such as earthquake analysis or risk assessments, 'magnitude' may have more precise definitions. Impact magnitude can be measured as high, medium, or low, relating to a percentage index. These indices are established by considering impact severity (e.g., how large or wide-ranging the impact is, how intense the effect is, and how many individuals, systems, or areas are impacted). Also, the impact measure considers the probability of a hazard occurring within a time interval as High, Medium, or Low.
is derived from: is_greater_than

Impact Severity
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Quality
comment: The impact severity of a hazard impact is a measure of the negative consequences or degree of harm that the event could cause, considering factors such as the number of people affected, amount of capital lost, damage to buildings, infrastructure disruption, or impact on life expectancy. It assesses "how bad things could get" if the risk materializes and is ranked on an ordinal scale (e.g., negligible, minor, moderate, major, severe, catastrophic) to prioritize responses and management efforts.

Institutional Agent Population
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a collection of fictitious persons that exist in the legal system, which are entities such as corporations, firms (business entities), and some government agencies. They are treated in law as if they were persons, i.e. they can do the things that a human person can normally do in law - such as make contracts, sue and be sued, own property, and so on. There are no natural persons (human beings) in this category.
subclass of: Artificial Population

AI System Population
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: �AI system� means a machine-based system that is designed to operate with varying levels of autonomy and that may exhibit adaptiveness after deployment, and that, for explicit or implicit objectives, infers, from the input it receives, how to generate outputs such as predictions, content, recommendations, or decisions that can influence physical or virtual environments. Source: https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/article/3/
subclass of: Artificial Population

Biological Population
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Biological Population is a group of biological organisms living in the same place at the same time.
subclass of: Population
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Non-Human Population
  union of: Human Population

Commuter Population
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a collective of people who regularly travel some distance to work or study.
subclass of: Non-Resident Population

Artificial Population
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Artificial Population is all populations that do not encompass natural beings (humans or not) and are designed by human beings. For instance, autonomous systems, institutional agents, intelligent artificial agents, etc.
subclass of: Non-Human Population
subclass of: Population
equivalent class: Class
  union of: AI System Population
  union of: Institutional Agent Population

Bacterial population
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is the collective of bacteria of a specified gender and species. A bacterial colony may expand in a geometric or exponential fashion.
subclass of: Non-Human Population

Mold Population
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is the collective of mold, a subtype of fungus that grown indoor.
subclass of: Non-Human Population

Fungus Population
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a collective of Fungus, which is any of about 144.000 known species of organisms of the kingdom Fungi, including yeasts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms.
subclass of: Non-Human Population

Wild Animal Population
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Urban wildlife animal populations consist of species that utilize human-dominated ecosystems.
subclass of: Non-Human Population

Pet Population
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a collection of any domesticated or tamed animal that is kept as a companion and cared for affectionately.
subclass of: Non-Human Population

Tourist Population
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a collective of people who is traveling or visiting a place for pleasure or interesting.
subclass of: Non-Resident Population

Non-Resident Population
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: VariableCollection
comment: It is the collective of individuals who are not registered with the Registry of the Resident Population in a given municipality in a given time. It can be a tourist or a person who is temporally living in a particular place without the duties and rights of the residents.
subclass of: Human Population

Resident Population
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: VariableCollection
comment: It refers to the collective of people enlisted with the Resident Population Registry in a particular local authority area in a given time. The classification of a Resident Person as a <<role>> derives from residency being an incidental characteristic of a human being.
subclass of: Human Population

Non-Human Population
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: VariableCollection
comment: Non-Human Being Population is all populations that do not encompass human beings but it is natural. It is subcategorized as: 2.1) Pet Population, 2.2) Wild Animal Population, 2.3) Plant Population, 2.4) Mobile Genetic Element Population (MGE), 2.5) Fungus Population, 2.6) Protist Population, and 2.7) Bacteria Population. There is a subtype of MGE, which is the Virus Population. Also, there is a subtype of Protist Population, which is Mold Population.
subclass of: Biological Population
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Mold Population
  union of: Plant Population
  union of: Pet Population
  union of: Bacterial population
  union of: Fungus Population
  union of: Wild Animal Population
  union of: Virus Population

Human Population
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a subtype of the Biological Population collective, covering the subtypes of resident, non-resident populations in a given space and at the same time.
subclass of: Population
subclass of: Biological Population
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Non-Resident Population
  union of: Resident Population

Plant Population
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is the collection of plants per unit area of land. Plant populations are characterized by their size (or density) and their structure (the number of individuals of different ages and sizes).
subclass of: Non-Human Population

Virus Population
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a collective of a kind of virus. It is possible that viruses originated from mobile genetic elements that acquired intercellular migration capabilities. They could be descendants of formerly free-living organisms that adopted a parasite replication strategy.
subclass of: Non-Human Population

Elderly
type: Class
type: Phase
type: NamedIndividual
comment: "Elderly" is a concept that cannot be absolutely defined, as it has different meanings in different societies and historical periods. The United Nations refers to those aged 60 and over as "older persons", while ISTAT and the Ministry of Health speak of people aged 65 and over. In 2018, during the National Congress of the Italian Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics (SIGG - Congresso Nazionale della Societ� Italiana di Gerontologia e Geriatria), an adjustment to 75 years was proposed. Given the increase in average life expectancy at birth (85 for women, 82 for men in Italy), SIGG argues for a distinction among people over 65 between those in the so-called third age (characterized by good health, social integration and access to resources) and those in the fourth age (characterized by dependence on others and physical decline). In this ontology, the elderly are all people over the age of 65.
subclass of: Person

Registered Family
type: Class
type: Phase
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a group of people tied together by relationships of marriage, kinship, affinity, adoption, protection or affection. Rule: The members must live and be habitually resident in the same municipality (Article 4 of Italian Presidential Decree 30/05/1989, n. 223)
subclass of: Family

Family
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: FunctionalComplex
comment: 1. A human community generally formed by people tied together by a relationship of coexistence, of kinship, of affinity, which constitutes the fundamental element of every society, since it is aimed, in its processes and relations, at the perpetuation of the species through reproduction. 2. A family is the basic unit in society traditionally consisting of two parents rearing their children (�Family.� Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/family. 3. A group of two or more persons related by birth, blood, marriage, de facto union, or adoption who live together. 4. All the descendants of a common ancestor. (Oxford Language)

People Community
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: FunctionalComplex
comment: A group of people with diverse characteristics who are linked by social ties, share common perspectives and engage in joint action in geographical locations or settings. Community can be defined by a sense of identification with and emotional connection to others through common symbol systems, values, and norms; shared interests; and commitments to meeting mutual needs. Source:https://www.evms.edu/education/resources/community-engaged_learning/glossary_of_terms/

Biological Agent
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A biological agent is a broad category that encompasses all biological agents present or potentially present in an urban system. These agents can have both a component role in the urban system and a risk driver role, actively participating in risk events initiated by hazardous situations.
subclass of: Agent
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Non-Human Agent
  union of: Person

Artificial Agent
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Artificial agent is a broad concept that encompasses both technological agents (AI systems, for example, robots, etc.) and agents socially built to act in social reality (e.g., companies, public entities with legal personality, etc.).
subclass of: Agent
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Institutional Agent
  union of: AI System

AI System
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: �AI system� means a machine-based system that is designed to operate with varying levels of autonomy and that may exhibit adaptiveness after deployment, and that, for explicit or implicit objectives, infers, from the input it receives, how to generate outputs such as predictions, content, recommendations, or decisions that can influence physical or virtual environments. Source: EU Artificial Intelligence Act. https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/article/3/
subclass of: Artificial Agent

Commuter
type: Class
type: Role
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A commuter is someone who travels a significant distance each day between home and place of work or study.
subclass of: Non-Resident Person

Non-Human Agent
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is every non-human being with agentive capacity to influence an urban system. This category is classified as Pet, Plant, Wild Animal, Fungus, MGE, Virus, Mold, and Bacteria. 1) Pet is any domesticated or tamed animal that is kept as a companion and cared for affectionately. 2) Wild animal in a urban system is any non-domesticated animal that has adapted its lifestyle to living in the cities or in suburban neighborhoods. 3) A plant is a living and natural organism of the kind exemplified by trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses, typically growing in a permanent site, absorbing water and inorganic substances through its roots, and synthesizing nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll. 4) Mobile genetic element (MGE), also known as transposable element (TE), is a type of moving genetic material that can either move around within a genome or jump across different genomes. 5) Viruses may have arisen from mobile genetic elements that gained the ability to move between cells. They may be descendants of previously free-living organisms that adapted a parasitic replication strategy. Viruses can leave the cell and move to other cells and organisms; mobile genetic elements generally just move around the genome within a cell. 6) Fungus is any member of a kingdom of organisms called Fungi that lack chlorophyll, leaves, true stems, and roots, reproduce by spores, and live as saprotrophs or parasites. The group includes moulds, mildews, rusts, yeasts, and mushrooms. 7) A mold is a microscopic fungus that grows and lives on plant or animal matter or on non-organic objects. Most molds are made up of filaments and reproduce through the production of spores. Spores spread by air, water, or insects. There are many thousands of species of fungi. Mold is the colloquial term used for indoor fungi. Fungal spores occur naturally outdoors easily be transferred inside well they can sit on surfaces. Mold organisms are extremely resilient and h…
subclass of: Biological Agent

Deceased Person
type: Class
type: Phase
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is the phase in which a person is no longer alive. A person cannot be alive and not alive at the same time. Therefore, it is a disjointed phase from the Alive phase.
subclass of: Person

Living Person
type: Class
type: Phase
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a phase or stage of being alive, as opposed to being dead, during which your organs work and carry out their functions.
subclass of: Person

Adult
type: Class
type: Phase
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a phase or stage of human development that occurs after the stage of adolescence and puberty. There are three distinct stages: early (ages 19 to 45), middle (ages 45 to 60), and late (the later years thereafter). There is no consensus about the starting age for these three stages of adulthood. The stages used here are extracted at https://psychologydictionary.org/adulthood/ However, the Italian population statistics by age group are arranged as follows at https://www.statista.com/statistics/789270/population-in-italy-by-age-group/ Here, the adult phase is 18 ? age ? 64
subclass of: Person

Teenager
type: Class
type: Phase
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is the last phase of the childhood that a human being goes through 13 ? age ? 17 years.
subclass of: Person

Child
type: Class
type: Phase
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a human being between the stages of birth and puberty, or between the developmental period of infancy and puberty. It may also refer to an unborn human being. For the UNICEF Convention, a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, the majority is attained earlier. In the context of urban systems, the Child is a phase that a human being goes through. The following subphases are covered: Early childhood (birth to age 5), middle childhood (ages 6 to 12).
subclass of: Person

Institutional Agent
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A juridical person is a legal person who is not a natural person but an organization recognized by law as a fictitious person such as a corporation, government agency, non-governmental organization, or international organization (such as the European Union). Juristic Person. An entity, such as a corporation, that is recognized as having legal personality, i.e. it is capable of enjoying and being subject to legal rights and duties. It is contrasted with a human being, who is referred to as a natural person. Source: https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100027393
subclass of: Artificial Agent

Tourist
type: Class
type: Role
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a role played by a person who is traveling or visiting a place for pleasure or interest.
subclass of: Non-Resident Person

Resident Person
type: Class
type: Role
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a person who is enlisted with the Resident Population Registry in a particular local authority area in a given time. The classification of a Resident Person as a <<role>> derives from residency being an incidental characteristic of a human being.
subclass of: Person

Non-Resident Person
type: Class
type: Role
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a role played by persons who are not registered in the Register of Residents in a given municipality at a given time. It can be a tourist or a person who temporarily lives in a certain place without having the rights and duties of residents.
subclass of: Person
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Commuter
  union of: Tourist
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: mediates
  some values from: Commuting Service

Person
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is every human being with the capacity to influence and act on an urban system. Person is categorized by life phases, phases of existence, and if a person is resident or not. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ OCL forms ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ a Person is in Elderly phase if isElderly = true context Person::isElderly: Boolean derive: self.age >= 65 The set of Elderly people is given by context Human Population::elderlyHumanPopulation: Set(Person) derive: Person.allInstances()->select(p: Person | p.isElderly)
subclass of: Biological Agent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: inheresIn
  some values from: Health

Health
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: inheresIn
  min qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Person

Population
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Object
comment: It is a collection of Agents (biological or artificial) of the same taxonomic class, counted or sampled at a given location or area, given a time interval. The population density is a measurement of how crowded a place is, calculated by dividing the number of people in an area by its total land area.
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Artificial Population
  union of: Biological Population
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: inheresIn
  min qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Vulnerability

Population at Risk
type: Class
type: RoleMixin
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: FunctionalComplex
comment: It is a collection of Agents (biological or artificial) of the same taxonomic class, counted or sampled at a given location or area, given a time interval that is at risk.
subclass of: Population

Desertfire
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Wildland Fire

Tourism Building
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Grey Building

Peri-urban Zone
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Green Infrastructure

Electricity Grid
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Urban Network

Fire-Extinguishing Infrastructure
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: FunctionalComplex
comment: Key Components of Fire-Extinguishing Infrastructure: Fire Extinguishers: Portable devices containing extinguishing agents like water, foam, dry powder, or CO2, used for initial fire suppression. Fire Sprinkler Systems: Automated systems that release water when heat is detected, typically used in buildings and industrial settings. Fire Alarm Systems: Detects smoke or heat, triggering alarms and potentially initiating other fire suppression measures. Specialized Suppression Systems: Systems like clean agent or foam-based systems are used in areas where water damage is a concern or for specific fire types. Emergency Exits and Signage: Clearly marked exits and signage are crucial for safe evacuation during a fire. Fire Hydrants: External water sources connected to a building's water supply, used by firefighters. Fire Pumps: Boost the water pressure in sprinkler systems or other fire suppression systems.

Fire Truck
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Truck

Fire Station Building
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Grey Building

Bus
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Mobile Urban Element of Transportation

Airplane
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Mobile Urban Element of Transportation

Truck
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Mobile Urban Element of Transportation

Train
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Mobile Urban Element of Transportation

Car
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Mobile Urban Element of Transportation

Subway
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Fixed Urban Element of Transportation

Railway
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Fixed Urban Element of Transportation

Mobile Urban Element of Transportation
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Mobile element of transportation or modes represent the conveyances, mostly taking the form of vehicles used to support the mobility of passengers or freight. Some modes are designed to carry only passengers or freight, while others can carry both. See https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter1/what-is-transport-geography/core-components-transportation/
subclass of: Urban Element of Transportation
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Train
  union of: Bus
  union of: Airplane
  union of: Truck
  union of: Car

Fixed Urban Element of Transportation
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: The physical support of transport modes, where routes (e.g. rail tracks, canals, or highways) and terminals (e.g. ports or airports).
subclass of: Urban Element of Transportation
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Bridge
  union of: Rail
  union of: Subway
  union of: Road
  union of: Railway
  union of: Street

Urban Element of Transportation
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Consists of urban elements that are used for transportation of people and goods, including fixed infrastructure (e.g. bridges, roads, highways) and mobile element of transportation (e.g., cars, trains, plains, etc).
subclass of: Urban Element
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Fixed Urban Element of Transportation
  union of: Mobile Urban Element of Transportation

Hazardous Building
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: These types of buildings include any building which is used for storage, handling, manufacturing, or processing of highly combustible explosive materials or products that are liable to burn extremely rapidly, which may produce poisonous fumes.
subclass of: Grey Building

Storage Building
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: These buildings are generally used for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares, or merchandise like warehouses, cold storages, garages, stables, transit sheds, etc.
subclass of: Grey Building

Mercantile Building
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: These shall include buildings used for soap, markets, stores, wholesale or retail.
subclass of: Grey Building

Business Building
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is any building type or part of a building that is used for business transactions, keeping records of accounts, town halls, city halls, courthouses, etc.
subclass of: Grey Building

Assembly Building
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: These buildings may include any building or part of a building where a group of people gathers for recreation, amusement, social, religious, or such types of purposes such as theaters, assembly halls, exhibition halls, restaurants, museums, club rooms, auditoria, etc.
subclass of: Grey Building

Health Building
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: These buildings include any building or part which is used for medical treatment etc. Such as Hospitals, nursing homes, orphanages, sanatoria, jails, prisons, mental hospitals, etc.
subclass of: Grey Building

Educational Building
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: These buildings include any building used for school, college, or daycare purposes involving assembly for instruction, education, or recreation.
subclass of: Grey Building

Residential Building
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A building should be considered a residential building when more than half of the floor area is employed for dwelling purposes. Other buildings should be considered non-residential. A residential building is one that is designed and accordingly built for inhabitants to measure in and call House. Inhabitants can either be a family, single, a couple, roommates or may be in a group. A residential building has basically: - A sleeping room(bedroom)/space, - A living room/space, - Conveniences (as in toilet and bath), - Cooking room/area (kitchen). All of those functions can either be in shared rooms or spaces or have exclusive rooms per function. These types of buildings include one or two private dwellings, apartment houses (flats), bungalows, duplexes, storey houses, terrace buildings, apartment buildings, condominium buildings, hotels, dormitories, semi-detached buildings, etc. Source: https://dailycivil.com/types-of-buildings/
subclass of: Grey Building

Industrial Building
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: These types of building are mainly used for manufacturing purposes. Here products or materials of all kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled, or processed, for example, gas plants, refineries, mills, dairies, etc.
subclass of: Grey Building

Street
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Fixed Urban Element of Transportation

Zoological Park
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Park

Urban Agricultural Land
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It refers to the land within the urban development boundary designated for small-scale farming activities and growing crops for personal use or sale in surrounding markets. This encompasses vertical production, warehouse farms, community gardens, rooftop farms, hydroponics, aeroponic, and aquaponic facilities, as well as other innovative techniques.
subclass of: Green Infrastructure

Urban Garden
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Urban Green Area

Protection Forest
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Urban Green Area

Urban Green Area
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Urban green space refers to open areas reserved for parks and natural environments - encompassing plant life. The landscape of urban open spaces typically ranges from playing fields and highly maintained environments to more natural landscapes. It links ecological processes and functions and encompasses protection forests, roadside trees, park trees, garden trees, and nature conservation areas. In the context of urban land-use growth and its impact on the environment, green spaces offer ecosystem services to promote human health. Green spaces such as parks, public gardens, and roadside trees are vital components of urban planning. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/land10020105
subclass of: Green Infrastructure

Building Green
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Building Green or Green Construction encompasses a set of practices and principles that aim to make the design and utilization of the built environment as environmentally friendly as possible. These practices minimize the negative impact on the natural environment.
subclass of: Green Infrastructure

Rail
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Fixed Urban Element of Transportation

Water Network
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components that provide water supply for an urban system.
subclass of: Urban Network

Transportation Network
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Transportation Network is a conglomerate of heterogeneous urban elements, such as roads, streets, paths, railways, bridges, etc., used for the mobility or transportation of goods and people.
subclass of: Urban Network

Urban Network
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is an ordered composition of heterogeneous urban structures, arranged according to their application in an urban system, e.g., a transportation network.
subclass of: Grey Infrastructure
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Transportation Network
  union of: Water Network

Urban Element
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a category of constructed items encompassing buildings, bridges, roads, footpaths, streets, rails, and other related infrastructures.
subclass of: Grey Infrastructure
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Urban Element of Transportation
  union of: Grey Building

Park
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Urban Green Area

Green Vertical Structure
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Building Green

Green Roof
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Building Green

Perforated Pipe
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Building Green

Rain Barrel
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Building Green

Permeable Paviment
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Building Green

Bridge
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Fixed Urban Element of Transportation

Blue Infrastructure
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Blue Infrastructure integrates blue areas, such as lakes, aquifers, wetlands, floodplains, canals, and coastal areas, to the urban context.
subclass of: Hard Infrastructure
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: externallyDependsOn
  some values from: Green Infrastructure

Road
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Fixed Urban Element of Transportation

Grey Building
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A Grey Building is one built with a traditional structure with walls and a roof standing more or less permanently in one place. For example a house or factory. Buildings serve several societal needs � primarily as shelter, living space, privacy & security, to store materials, workspace, etc. In this model, grey building are classified by its functionality/occupancy (the use of a structure: for housing, for educational, etc.) based on Table 6 of GEM Building Taxonomy combined with the building taxonomy proposed in NBC 2005. In additional, Grey Building is classified by its structure based on GEM Building Taxonomy, following 13 attributes have been included in the GEM Building Taxonomy Version 2.0 (v2.0): 1. direction 2. material of the lateral load-resisting system 3. lateral load-resisting system 4. height 5. date of construction or retrofit 6. occupancy 7. building position within a block 8. shape of the building plan 9. structural irregularity 10. exterior walls 11. roof 12. floor 13. foundation system. Source: https://cloud-storage.globalquakemodel.org/public/wix-new-website/pdf-collections-wix/publications/GEM%20Building%20Taxonomy%20Version%202.0.pdf https://dailycivil.com/types-of-buildings/
subclass of: Urban Element
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Educational Building
  union of: Storage Building
  union of: Residential Building
  union of: Assembly Building
  union of: Hazardous Building
  union of: Business Building
  union of: Mercantile Building
  union of: Tourism Building
  union of: Fire Station Building
  union of: Health Building
  union of: Industrial Building

Grey Infrastructure
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a category of all tangible/physical elements that are (mostly) of atrophic origin (that is, artificial), in other words, engineered assets that provide one or multiple services required by society. This is in turn preliminary subdivided into Urban Elements (e.g., buildings, bridges, rails, roads, streets, and public spaces) and Urban Networks (a composition of these urban elements).
subclass of: Hard Infrastructure

Green Infrastructure
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a fusion of natural resources and man-made structures (grey infrastructure) designed to work with the nature to provide social, environmental, and economic benefits to urban populations, such as air filtration, temperature regulation, noise reduction, flood control, and recreational areas.
subclass of: Hard Infrastructure
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: externallyDependsOn
  some values from: Grey Infrastructure

Urban Resource Allocate
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Event
comment: It is an event that allocates resources (human, natural or hard infrastructure resources) to provide a service in the context of an urban system. In this event participates an agent playing the role of Urban Service Provider as well as the resource to be allocated. This event creates the historical foundational of a relationship called Urban Resource Allocation between the allocated urban resource and the Urban Service Provider.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: participatedIn
  some values from: Allocated Urban Resource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: participatedIn
  some values from: Urban Service Provider

Urban Service Offer
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Event
comment: It is an event that offer a service in the context of urban system such as health, transport, education (dynamic aspect). In this event participates one Urban Service Consumer Community and one or more agents (Juridical Person), playing the role of Urban Service Offeror. This event creates the historical foundational of a relationship called Urban Service Offering between Urban Service Consumer Community and the Urban Service Offeror.

Firefighting Service
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Urban Service

Soft Infrastructure
type: Class
type: Mixin
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Soft infrastructure refers to the intangible things needed to maintain or improve the utilities and services such as financial, health, cultural, and social in an urban system. The population uses the infrastructure of an urban system through services offered by public or private agents.
subclass of: Urban Infrastructure

Hard Infrastructure
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: FunctionalComplex
comment: It is the built environment, the physical connections between places that move people, materials, information, and energy. These "fixed" things include roads, railroads, pipes, buildings, cables, and the networks composed of these constructions. Moreover, encompasses the green infrastructure, which is a category of ecological-oriented designed structures, i.e., a combination of grey and green infrastructures; and the Blue Infrastructure defined as the blue areas, a mix of natural resources (rivers, sea, beaches, etc) and human-designed elements.
subclass of: Urban Infrastructure

Urban Infrastructure
type: Class
type: Mixin
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Endurant
comment: Urban infrastructure is a mix of structures built horizontally or vertically by humans, which provide a variety of utilities and services such as housing, transportation, and leisure. The design of these structures serves to ensure accessibility and convenience to meet the needs of the urban dwellers.

Urban Infrastructure at Risk
type: Class
type: RoleMixin
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: FunctionalComplex
comment: Urban infrastructure is a mix of structures built horizontally or vertically by humans at risk.
subclass of: Urban Infrastructure

Hazard Vulnerability
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Vulnerability
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Multiple-Hazard Vulnerability
  union of: Single-Hazard Vulnerability

Physical Vulnerability
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Physical vulnerability is the propensity of the built environment (e.g., buildings and infrastructure) built-up areas, infrastructure, and open spaces to suffer the physical impact of hazardous events (Douglas 2007; Birkmann et al. 2013) .
subclass of: Vulnerability
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Sewage System Vulnerability
  union of: Lack of Irrigation Infrastructure
  union of: Plant and Pipeline Maintenance Process Vulnerability
  union of: Hard Infrastructure Vulnerability
  union of: Lack of Road Infrastructure

Social Vulnerability
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Social Vulnerability is the social dimension refers to the propensity for human well-being to suffer harm due to disruptions to individual and collective social systems (Birkmann et al., 2013). This dimension addresses how the attributes of individuals and groups make them vulnerable in a particular context (e.g., gender, ethnicity, age, etc.), as well as how social relations across scales shape vulnerability (Singh, Eghdami, and Singh 2014).
subclass of: Vulnerability

Economic Vulnerability
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Economic vulnerability is the propensity of economic assets and processes to be harmed by exogenous shocks (Cardona et al. 2012) , such as the potential impacts of natural and man-made hazards (i.e., business interruption, secondary effects such as increased poverty and job loss).
subclass of: Vulnerability

Environmental Vulnerability
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Environmental vulnerability: potential natural resource depletion and resource degradation (destruction of forest, farmland, or crops, lower yields) following a hazardous event (United Nations Environment Programme 2011) .
subclass of: Vulnerability

Institutional Vulnerability
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: The institutional dimension relates to the attributes of institutions and governance systems that influence the predisposition of a system, communities, or individuals to withstand, cope and recover from being adversely affected by the impact of a natural hazard (Papathoma-K�hle et al., 2021). This dimension is connected to the decision-making power across society and the ability of institutions/governments to implement policies related to disaster risk and climate change adaptation on the ground.
subclass of: Vulnerability

Single-Hazard Vulnerability
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Single-hazard vulnerability is the propensity of exposed elements to suffer adverse effects when impacted by a specific hazard, avoiding potential vulnerability interactions.
subclass of: Hazard Vulnerability

Multiple-Hazard Vulnerability
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Multiple-hazard vulnerability: the propensity of exposed elements to suffer adverse effects when impacted by two or more hazards, involving the potential exacerbation of vulnerability when hazards occur close in time.
subclass of: Hazard Vulnerability

Hard Infrastructure Vulnerability
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Physical Vulnerability

Sewage System Vulnerability
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Physical Vulnerability

Lack of Road Infrastructure
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Physical Vulnerability

Plant and Pipeline Maintenance Process Vulnerability
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Physical Vulnerability

Lack of Irrigation Infrastructure
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Physical Vulnerability

Vulnerability by Quantity of People
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Social Vulnerability
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Individual Vulnerability
  union of: Collective Vulnerability
  union of: Household Vulnerability

Vulnerability by Anthropomorphic Aspect
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Social Vulnerability
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Vulnerability by Health
  union of: Vulnerability by Gender
  union of: Vulnerability by Age

Individual Vulnerability
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Vulnerability by Quantity of People

Household Vulnerability
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Vulnerability by Quantity of People

Collective Vulnerability
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Vulnerability by Quantity of People

Community Vulnerability
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Collective Vulnerability

Vulnerability by Age
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Vulnerability by Anthropomorphic Aspect

Vulnerability by Gender
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Vulnerability by Anthropomorphic Aspect

Vulnerability by Health
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Vulnerability by Anthropomorphic Aspect

Vulnerability
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: IntrinsicMode
comment: Vulnerability is the propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. Vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts and elements, including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to cope and adapt. Vulnerability expresses the relationship between the intensity of a hazardous event, the features of the elements at risk (assets, community, system, environment) that affect their behavior, and the measure of the impact, resulting from the hazardous event. In the literature, vulnerability is defined in different ways depending on the types of risk being assessed. In seismic risks, vulnerability is the probability that an element at risk, belonging to a specific behavioral class (vulnerability class), experiences or exceeds a damage threshold (according to a predetermined scale of damage) upon the occurrence of an event of an assigned intensity. In flood risks, vulnerability expresses the expected damage to the elements at risk, the extent of damage ranging from 0 (no damage) to 1 (total destruction).
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Economic Vulnerability
  union of: Environmental Vulnerability
  union of: Social Vulnerability
  union of: Physical Vulnerability
  union of: Institutional Vulnerability
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: inheresIn
  some values from: Population
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: broughtAbout
  some values from: Vulnerability
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: inheresIn
  min qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Risk Driver

Bushfire
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Wildland Fire

Hazardous Event
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Event
comment: [Definition 1] A hazardous event is a circumstance in which people, infrastructure, urban spaces, or the environment are exposed to harm, injury, damage, or adverse impacts arising from a natural or human-induced origin. In the RETURN ontology, a hazard is represented as a hazardous event that possesses the quality of being 'hazardous.' Additionally, every hazardous event has a date on which it occurred within an urban system. This attribute is used to calculate the frequency of event occurrences and their increase. Format: YYYY.MM.DD Hazard, as an inherent quality, is a type of quality with two attributes: occurrence frequency and magnitude. Some actions, such as driving a car or traveling by plane, have the potential to cause an adverse event, i.e., an event with a negative impact, such as damage or loss. These activities can trigger a sequence of hazardous events, such as driving on poorly maintained roads. This hazardous situation can activate existing vulnerabilities in the car or driver (e.g., worn tires or a lack of driving experience), leading to exposure to danger and potentially resulting in an adverse event (e.g., a collision or rollover). Hazardous events lead to urban risks. An urban risk is a situation or scenario where can occur potential damage or loss to the urban system. The impact of a risk can be measured by the value of the elements potentially affected by the hazard impact. According to the literature, a hazard is "a source of energy or physiological factors and behaviors that, if uncontrolled, will lead to harmful events or occurrences" (Shinar, Gurion, & Flascher, 1991, p. 1095). Grimaldi and Simonds, 1984, p. 236). It is also defined as "a condition or set of circumstances that has the potential to cause or contribute to injury or death" (Sanders & McCormick, 1993, p. 675). The IPCC defines hazard as "the possibility of a physical event or pattern of events, whether natural or human-caused, that has the capacity to result in loss of life, in…
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: historicallyDependsOn
  some values from: Hazardous Event
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: inheresIn
  some values from: Hazardous Event Origin
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: broughtAbout
  some values from: Urban Risk Situation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: historicallyDependsOn
  some values from: Hazard Impact

System
type: Class
type: Mixin
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: FunctionalComplex
comment: A set of things working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network; a complex whole. In Return Project, in the ontological model, a system is categorized as 1) made by humans (artificial systems) and 2) a natural system, which is a set of elements that arise naturally, without human construction. Both types of systems are coupled, that is, human systems interact with natural systems and vice versa in multi-levels and aspects. There are several kinds of human-made systems (e.g., urban systems, economic systems, judicial systems) and natural systems. An urban system is a human-made system placed in a specific space and exists at a specific time. It is composed of essential parts, which are Resource and Population. A Resource is an essential part of one or more urban systems, for instance, a river can be a resource for different countries, and different cities. The resource is subcategorized as Urban Infrastructure and Agent as a Resource.
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Human-Made System
  union of: Natural System

Hard Infrastructure as a Resource
type: Class
type: RoleMixin
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is the tangible infrastructure, i.e. the physical infrastructure of roads, bridges, tunnels, railways, ports, etc., that are managed as assets in the context of an urban system.
subclass of: Element as a Urban Resource
subclass of: Hard Infrastructure

Emergency Service
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a service relation between the consumer of emergency services and the agent who provides it. For instance, the public emergency service provided by a public entity to people in a city.
subclass of: Urban Service

Grassfire
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Wildland Fire

Urban Resource Allocation
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Relator
comment: It is the (reified) relationship between the Allocated Urban Resource and Urban Service Provider grounded by the Urban Resource Allocate event.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: mediates
  some values from: Urban Service Provider
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: mediates
  some values from: Allocated Urban Resource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: historicallyDependsOn
  some values from: Urban Service

Transport Service Execution
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Urban Service Execution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: participatedIn
  some values from: Commuter
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: participatedIn
  some values from: Allocated Urban Element of Transportation as a Resource

Commuting Service Provider
type: Class
type: RoleMixin
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Urban Service Provider
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: mediates
  some values from: Commuting Service

Commuting Service
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Commuting is periodically recurring travel between a place of residence and place of work or study, where the traveler, referred to as a commuter, leaves the boundary of their home community.
subclass of: Transport Service
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: mediates
  min qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Non-Resident Person
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: mediates
  some values from: Commuting Service Provider

Urban Element of Transportation as a Resource
type: Class
type: RoleMixin
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Urban Element of Transportation

Allocated Urban Element of Transportation as a Resource
type: Class
type: RoleMixin
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Urban Element of Transportation as a Resource
subclass of: Allocated Hard Infrastructure as a Resource

Transport Service
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a service relation between the consumer of transport services and the agent who provides it. For instance, the public transport service provided by a public entity to people in a city.
subclass of: Urban Service

Geosphere at Risk
type: Class
type: RoleMixin
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Geosphere

Urban Risk
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Relator
comment: It is a relational structure that links Risk Drivers and Urban Systems at Risk. In the case of urban systems, risks are assessed based on two different types of phenomena: 1) natural phenomena; and 2) man-made phenomena. Natural phenomena are events that do not have a human cause; examples include earthquakes, tsunamis, and solar storms. Conversely, human phenomena are events caused by human action. For example, pollution, urbanization, extensive monoculture, and deforestation. [IPCC] Risk is defined by IPCC v.6 as the potential for adverse consequences for human or ecological systems, recognizing the diversity of values and objectives associated with such systems. In the context of climate change, risks can arise from potential impacts of climate change as well as human responses to climate change. Relevant adverse consequences include those on lives, livelihoods, health and well-being, economic, social and cultural assets and investments, infrastructure, services (including ecosystem services), ecosystems and species. In the context of climate change impacts, risks result from dynamic interactions between climate-related hazards with the exposure and vulnerability of the affected human or ecological system to the hazards. Hazards, exposure and vulnerability may each be subject to uncertainty in terms of magnitude and likelihood of occurrence, and each may change over time and space due to socio-economic changes and human decision-making (see also risk management, adaptation and mitigation). In the context of climate change responses, risks result from the potential for such responses not achieving the intended objective(s), or from potential trade-offs with, or negative side-effects on, other societal objectives, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (see also risk trade-off). Risks can arise, for example, from uncertainty in implementation, effectiveness or outcomes of climate policy, climate-related investments, technology development or adoption, and…
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: mediates
  some values from: Risk Driver
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: broughtAbout
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Urban Risk
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: broughtAbout
  some values from: Urban Risk

Urban Natural Resource
type: Class
type: RoleMixin
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Urban natural resource is a set of any biological, mineral, or aesthetic asset afforded by nature without human intervention that can be used for some form of benefit, whether material (economic) or immaterial. What is considered a �resource� (or, for that matter, �natural�) has varied over time and from one society to another. Examples of assets that can be considered natural resources include forests, surface water and groundwater, and the fertile lands or the soil and minerals within them (rather than the crops that grow on them), as well as energy resources (such as petroleum, natural gas, and heated water [that is, geothermal energy]) contained within layers of rock. Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/natural-resource
subclass of: Element as a Urban Resource

Agent
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: FunctionalComplex
comment: Any agentive Object, either physical (e.g. a person, a robot, an oak), or social (e.g. a corporation, an institution, a community). Defined by: https://w3id.org/italia/onto/l0
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Artificial Agent
  union of: Biological Agent

Cropfire
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Wildland Fire

Drought
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazardous Event

Urban Human Resource
type: Class
type: RoleMixin
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Urban human resources is the set of people who make up the workforce of an urban system.
subclass of: Element as a Urban Resource

Forest Fire
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Wildland Fire

Allocated Hard Infrastructure as a Resource
type: Class
type: RoleMixin
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a hard infrainstructure asset (e.g., bridge, road, street) allocated in a service provided in the context of urban system.
subclass of: Allocated Urban Resource
subclass of: Hard Infrastructure as a Resource

Allocated Urban Resource
type: Class
type: RoleMixin
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Allocated resources as a Service (RaaS).
subclass of: Element as a Urban Resource
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Allocated Hard Infrastructure as a Resource
  union of: Allocated Urban Human Resource
  union of: Allocated Urban Natural Resource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: mediates
  some values from: Urban Resource Allocation

Hazard
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Quality
comment: It is a quality carried by a hazardous event. Hazard is a condition or set of circumstances that has the potential to cause or contribute to injury or death" (Sanders and McCormick, 1993, p. 675).

Natural System
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a set of elements that arise naturally, without human construction.
subclass of: System

Financial Service
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a service relation between the consumer of the financial system and the agent who provides it. For instance, the financial system (e.g., banks) provided by a public entity to people in a city.
subclass of: Urban Service

Periurban Place Fire
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Event

Urban Service
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Relator
comment: It represents all services provided by a municipality, either directly or by contract, to any of its current residents. For example: sanitation, water, fire protection, parks, open space, recreation, and streets, roads, and mass transit. The Return Project views urban services as a relationship between the service consumer and the service provider in urban systems. This relation is usually formalized in a document (Normative Description) called Service Contract
subclass of: Soft Infrastructure
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: mediates
  some values from: Urban Service Provider
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: mediates
  some values from: Urban Service Consumer
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: historicallyDependsOn
  some values from: Urban Service Offering
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: historicallyDependsOn
  some values from: Urban Resource Allocation

Geosphere
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: FunctionalComplex
comment: The geosphere is the collection of physical and geological elements that contribute to shaping the Earth's surface. In the urban environment, the geosphere provides the foundation upon which population and infrastructure develop so that the elements of the geosphere affect them, but the population and infrastructure can also modify the geosphere. For example, urban development and even risk mitigation often involve excavations that interact with and often modify the underlying geology. Therefore, urban development requires an understanding of the local geology, such as soil stability, groundwater conditions, and subsurface characteristics. The geosphere includes the following elements: subsurface, soil, topography, resources, and hydrology.

Urban Service Consumer
type: Class
type: Role
type: NamedIndividual
comment: In general, a service consumer can be anything from a system, to an application, to an artificial agent, to a person. A service consumer is a user of products and services provided by a service provider, which can be either a company or a person. In the domain represented by urban systems, we restrict the definition of service consumer to people and service provider to companies (Juridical Person). Between a service consumer and a service provider, a contract is signed and establishes a bind (a service contract) based on legal rules for the consumption of services.
subclass of: Agent
subclass of: Person
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: mediates
  some values from: Urban Service

Health Service
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a service relation between the consumer of health services and the agent who provides it. For instance, the public health service provided by a public entity to people in a city.
subclass of: Urban Service

Element as a Urban Resource
type: Class
type: RoleMixin
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is every element that is used to satisfy the human needs in the context of urban systems.
subclass of: System Element

Urban Place Fire
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Event

System Element
type: Class
type: Mixin
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: FunctionalComplex
comment: According to standard ISO/IEC 15288:2015, a system element is a discrete part of a system. A system element can be hardware, software, data, humans, processes, procedures (e.g., operator instructions), facilities, materials, and naturally occurring entities (e.g., water, organisms, minerals), or any combination.

Allocated Urban Natural Resource
type: Class
type: RoleMixin
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a natural asset (e.g., river, sea, lake, soil, sky) allocated in a service provided in the context of urban system.
subclass of: Allocated Urban Resource
subclass of: Urban Natural Resource

Hazardous Event Origin
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: IntrinsicMode
comment: Hazardous events can originate from natural processes within Earth's systems, such as earthquakes or volcanic eruptions; human activities, such as industrial accidents or transportation failures; or a combination of both. These events create hazards or increase their impact, which can lead to damage to life, property, or the environment. Type format: string. < human > | < natural > | < combination of human and natural >
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: inheresIn
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Hazardous Event

Water Scarcity Hazard
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazardous Event

Urban Service Offeror
type: Class
type: RoleMixin
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a role plays by a Juridical Person in a relationship with the Urban Service Consumer Community. In this relation, Juridical Person offers a set of urban services for a group of people in an urban system.
subclass of: Institutional Agent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: mediates
  some values from: Urban Service Offering

Recreational Service
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a service relation between the consumer of recreational services and the agent who provides it. For instance, the public recreational service provided by a public entity to people in a city.
subclass of: Urban Service

Non-Material Damage
type: Class
type: SituationType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Situation
comment: Decreased integrity, size, efficiency (function), or conditions that are not considered beneficial by a community as a result of an adverse event. Depending on the application, damage can be measured in different ways, using metrics appropriate for each type of risk analysis. In particular, non-physical damage affects the social life of an urban system. This type of damage is understood as a measure of social disruption, in terms of deterioration of social relations and functions, that a natural or anthropogenic event causes to a community in the short to medium term (i.e. homelessness) or psychological symptoms in a part of the population, such as anxiety, panic syndrome, correlated with the possibility of new occurrence of the risk events.

Temperature Increase
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazardous Event

Urban Service Consumer Community
type: Class
type: RoleMixin
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a group of people connected by their shared interest in a service provided in a urban system.
subclass of: Agent
subclass of: Human Population
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: mediates
  some values from: Urban Service Offering

Veldfire
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Wildland Fire

Wildland Fire
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Event
comment: A wildland fire or wildfire is a fire that originates from an unplanned ignition source, such as lightning, volcanoes, or human activity. It burns in areas known as wildlands, which are generally underdeveloped and uninhabited. Wildlands include forests, grasslands, brushlands, and other ecosystems, as well as croplands.

Material Damage
type: Class
type: SituationType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Situation
comment: Material damage, also known as property damage, is damage to a person's assets or urban system`s assets, i.e. the loss of goods or things that have economic value. Material damages include losses actually suffered (emergent damages), as well as amounts that the person has failed to receive (lost profits).

Impact Situation
type: Class
type: SituationType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Situation
comment: Impacts generally refer to effects on lives, livelihoods, health and well-being, ecosystems and species, economic, social, and cultural assets, services (including ecosystem services), and infrastructure. Impacts may be referred to as consequences or outcomes and can be adverse or beneficial. In the model, only the type of adverse impact. Impacts are also defined as the quantification of the overall potential damage and losses that a reference event may generate in the same area and in a set timeframe. Effects on natural and human systems. In this report, the term �impacts� is used to refer to the effects on natural and human systems of physical events, of disasters, and of climate change. Source: https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srex/SREX-Annex_Glossary.pdf
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: broughtAbout
  some values from: Impact Situation

Human-Made System
type: Class
type: Category
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A system designed by human beings.
subclass of: System

Risk Driver
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Event
comment: A risk driver as an event refers to a specific, significant incident or occurrence that directly leads to a hazardous event, creating a risk situation and influencing its likelihood or impact. Risk drivers are events that are uncertain but will result in negative consequences (losses or damages) or positive opportunities (not to represent in Return ontology), and they can stem from underlying factors or conditions such as climate change, a natural disaster, a human actions. The event itself is the trigger that creates or increases a risk. For example, a pandemic is a risk driver event that can drive various risks for urban systems. Other definitions used by stakeholders that converge to the Return definition of risk driver. 1. [Civil Defense] Risk drivers are processes or conditions that influence the level of disaster risk by increasing levels of exposure and vulnerability, or reducing capacity. They include climate change, urbanization, environmental degradation, the changing security paradigm, and technological developments. Source: https://civil-protection-knowledge-network.europa.eu/eu-overview-risks/risk-drivers 2. [IPCC] A climatic impact-driver is a physical climate condition that directly affects society or ecosystems. Climatic impact drivers may represent a long-term average condition (such as the average winter temperatures that affect indoor heating requirements), a common event (such as a frost that kills off warm-season plants), or an extreme event (such as a coastal flood that destroys homes). Source: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/faqs/IPCC_AR6_WGI_FAQ_Chapter_12.pdf 3. [Millennium Assessment] Any natural or human-induced factor that directly or indirectly causes a change in a system Source: https://millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.272.aspx.pdf).
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: mediates
  some values from: Urban Risk
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: inheresIn
  some values from: Vulnerability

Urban Service Provider
type: Class
type: RoleMixin
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a role play by a Juridical Person who is active in service relationships with Urban Resources or Urban Service Consumer/Community. In this role, a Service Provider has the scope to offer, provide, and run urban services such as health, transportation, etc.
subclass of: Agent
subclass of: Institutional Agent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: mediates
  some values from: Urban Service
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: mediates
  some values from: Urban Resource Allocation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: participatedIn
  some values from: Urban Service Execution

Allocated Urban Human Resource
type: Class
type: RoleMixin
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a person or a set of people allocated in a service provided in the context of urban system.
subclass of: Allocated Urban Resource
subclass of: Urban Human Resource

Urban Service Offering
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Relator
comment: It represents the relation between Urban Service Consumer Community and Urban Service Offeror. This relation is usually presented through oral or written publicity that binds the Service Offeror.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: mediates
  some values from: Urban Service Offeror
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: mediates
  min qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Urban Service Consumer Community

Water Service
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a service relation between the consumer of water services and the agent who provides it. For instance, the public water service provided by a public entity to people in a city.
subclass of: Urban Service

Urban Service Execution
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Event
comment: It is an event that executes a service in the context of urban system (health, transport, education). In this event participates one or more allocated urban resources and an agent (Juridical Person), playing the role of Urban Service Provider. This event creates the historical foundational of a relationship called Urban Service between the allocated urban resource and the Urban Service Provider.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: participatedIn
  some values from: Allocated Urban Resource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: participatedIn
  some values from: Urban Service Provider
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: participatedIn
  some values from: Urban Service Consumer

Law Enforcement Service
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a service relation between the consumer of law enforcement services and the agent who provides it. For instance, the legal system (courts, mediation courts, policy, etc) provided by a public entity to people in a city.
subclass of: Urban Service

Educational Service
type: Class
type: SubKind
type: NamedIndividual
comment: It is a service relation between the consumer of educational services and the agent who provides it. For instance, the public educational service provided by a public entity to people in a city.
subclass of: Urban Service

Transfer
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Transfer is shifting the financial burden of potential losses and damages to a third party. For example, an insurance policy to cover the costs of damage from a hurricane or other natural disaster or catastrophe bonds, i.e., financial instruments where investors receive payments in exchange for providing insurance coverage for catastrophic events.
subclass of: Response

Damage
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Event
comment: Damage is categorized as material damaged and immaterial damage. Material damage, also known as property damage, is damage to a person's assets or urban system assets, i.e. the loss of goods or things that have economic value. Material damages include losses actually suffered (emergent damages), as well as amounts that the person has failed to receive (lost profits). Immaterial damage refers to a decrease in integrity, size, efficiency, or conditions that a community deems detrimental as a result of an adverse event. Depending on the application, damage can be measured in different ways using metrics appropriate for each type of risk analysis. Non-physical damage, in particular, affects the social life of an urban system. This type of damage is understood as a measure of social disruption in terms of the deterioration of social relations and functions that a natural or human-caused event causes a community in the short to medium term (e.g., homelessness) or psychological symptoms in part of the population, such as anxiety and panic disorder, which are correlated with the possibility of the risk events occurring again.

Urban Place Fire
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Fire Hazard

Temperature Increase
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazardous Event

Drought
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazardous Event

Water Scarcity Hazard
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazardous Event

Periurban Place Fire
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Fire Hazard

Hazardous Event Origin
type: Class
type: Kind
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: IntrinsicMode

Desertfire
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Wildland Fire

Cropfire
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Wildland Fire

Veldfire
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Wildland Fire

Grassfire
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Wildland Fire

Bushfire
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Wildland Fire

Forest Fire
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Wildland Fire

Wildland Fire
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A wildland fire or wildfire is a fire that originates from an unplanned ignition source, such as lightning, volcanoes, or human activity. It burns in areas known as wildlands, which are generally underdeveloped and uninhabited. Wildlands include forests, grasslands, brushlands, and other ecosystems, as well as croplands.
subclass of: Fire Hazard

Pandemic Hazard
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Biological Hazard

Epidemic Hazard
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Biological Hazard

Biological Hazard
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazardous Event

Windstorm Hazard
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazardous Event

Fire Hazard
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazardous Event

Landslide Hazard
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazardous Event

Seismic Hazard
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazardous Event

Heatwave Hazard
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazardous Event

Urban Flood Hazard
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazardous Event

Tsunami Hazard
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Hazardous Event

Acceptance
type: Class
type: EventType
type: NamedIndividual
subclass of: Response

urban_system_complexity
domain: Urban System
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

exposition_type
domain: Urban System at Risk
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

exposure_level
domain: Urban System at Risk
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

impact_value_scale
domain: Impact Value
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue
comment: Level: low, medium, high

impact_amount
domain: Impact Value
range: float
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue
comment: Impact amount is a numeric value of the hazard impact.

damage_type
domain: Damage
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

damage_amount
domain: Damage
range: float
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue
comment: In case of material damages.

loss_quantity
domain: Loss
range: int
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

starting_date
domain: Hazard Impact
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

ending_date
domain: Hazard Impact
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

assigner_name
domain: Assigner
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

assigner_type
domain: Assigner
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

urban_risk_scenario_description
domain: Urban Risk Situation
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

risk_probability
domain: Risk
range: float
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

occurrence_prob
domain: Hazard Likelihood
range: float
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

magnitude_index
domain: Impact Magnitude
range: float
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

impact_severity_scale
domain: Impact Severity
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

gender_bacteria_population
domain: Bacterial population
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

specie_bacteria_population
domain: Bacterial population
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

gender_fungus_population
domain: Fungus Population
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

specie_fungus_population
domain: Fungus Population
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

wild_animal_population
domain: Wild Animal Population
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

pet_specie_population
domain: Pet Population
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

name_pet_population
domain: Pet Population
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

age_pet_population
domain: Pet Population
range: int
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

name_tourist_population
domain: Tourist Population
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

status_non_resident_population
domain: Non-Resident Population
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

origin_non_resident_population
domain: Non-Resident Population
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

residence_zone_population
domain: Resident Population
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

name_non_person_population
domain: Non-Human Population
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

ethnical_group_population
domain: Human Population
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

name_plant_population
domain: Plant Population
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

minAge
domain: Elderly
range: int
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

minAge
domain: Adult
range: int
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

maxAge
domain: Adult
range: int
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

minAge
domain: Teenager
range: int
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

maxAge
domain: Teenager
range: int
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

minAge
domain: Child
range: int
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

qty_person
domain: Person
range: int
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

birthDate_person
domain: Person
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

name_population
domain: Population
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

total_land_area
domain: Population
range: float
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

total_population
domain: Population
range: float
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

year_populational_census
domain: Population
range: int
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

vulnerability_type
domain: Vulnerability
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

starting_date
domain: Hazardous Event
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

ending_date
domain: Hazardous Event
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

occurrence
domain: Hazard
range: float
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

magnitude
domain: Hazard
range: float
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

Type
domain: Hazardous Event Origin
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue
comment: Hazardous Event Origin is the cause of an Hazardous Event. Types: Natural, Human, or Hybrid cause.

origin_type
domain: Risk Driver
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

damage_type
domain: Damage
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

damage_amount
domain: Damage
range: float
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue
comment: In case of material damages.

Type
domain: Hazardous Event Origin
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue
comment: Hazardous Event Origin is the cause of an Hazardous Event. Types: Natural, Human, or Hybrid cause.

Risk Group
domain: Biological Hazard
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasQualityValue

is_exposed_to
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Urban System
is derived from: Urban System at Risk

assigned_to
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Hazard Magnitude

assigned_to
type: ObjectProperty

assigns
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Assigner

assigns
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Assigner
range: Impact Value

assigned_to
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Impact Value
range: Hazard Impact

assigns
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Assigner
range: Hazard Magnitude

assigns
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Assigner
range: Risk

assigns
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Assigner
range: Hazard Likelihood

assigned_to
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Impact Likelihood
range: Hazard Impact

assigns
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Assigner
range: Impact Likelihood

participates
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Urban System at Risk

participates
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Urban System at Risk
range: Urban Risk Situation

is_greater_than
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Hazard Impact
range: Hazard Impact
comment: Axiom Impact.Magnitude context Impact :: greater_than : Set ( Impact ) derive : Impact . allInstances () - > select ( i : Impact | self . magnitude.magnitude_unit > i.magnitude.magnitude_unit)
type: ComparativeRelationshipType

assigns
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Assigner
range: Impact Severity

assigned_to
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Impact Severity
range: Hazard Impact

allocates
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Soft Infrastructure
range: Hard Infrastructure

provides_service_to
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Urban Service Provider
range: Urban Service Consumer
type: MaterialRelationshipType

allocates
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Urban Service Provider
range: Allocated Urban Resource
type: MaterialRelationshipType

grounds
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Urban Service Execution
range: Urban Service

offers
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Urban Service Offeror
range: Urban Service Consumer Community
type: MaterialRelationshipType

grounds
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Transport Service Execution
range: Transport Service

provides_transportation_service_to
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Commuting Service Provider
range: Non-Resident Person
type: MaterialRelationshipType

allocates transportation infrastructure
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Commuting Service Provider
range: Allocated Urban Element of Transportation as a Resource
type: MaterialRelationshipType

drives
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Car
range: Road

utilizes
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Car
range: Street

runs
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Train
range: Rail

has
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Train
range: Railway

grounds
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Urban Resource Allocate
range: Urban Resource Allocation

lives_in
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Population
range: Geosphere

is_built_in
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Urban Infrastructure
range: Geosphere

grounds
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Urban Service Offer
range: Urban Service Offering

lives
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Population at Risk
range: Geosphere at Risk

is_built_in
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Urban Infrastructure at Risk
range: Geosphere at Risk

interacts_with
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Human-Made System
range: Natural System

uses
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Population
range: Urban Infrastructure

affects
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Vulnerability
range: Impact Situation

is_part_of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Hard Infrastructure
range: Fire-Extinguishing Infrastructure